Wegener's Granulomatosis
Wegener's granulomatosis, also known as granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), is a rare disease characterized by the inflammation of blood vessels. In addition to blocking blood flow to vital organs, this condition causes the formation of granulomas (inflamed masses) around the blood vessels, destroying normal tissue.
The condition may affect the ears, nose and sinuses. In the most serious cases, the kidneys, lungs and upper respiratory tract are commonly affected. Restricted blood flow to these areas can cause permanent damage. Although this disease can be fatal if left untreated, early diagnosis and treatment can lead to complete recovery.
Causes of Wegener's Granulomatosis
While the cause of Wegener's granulomatosis is unknown, research indicates that this autoimmune disorder is triggered by an event that results in inflammation. In some individuals, this inflammation is believed to set off an abnormal immune system reaction. The abnormal reaction of the immune system leads to further inflammation, constriction of the blood vessels, and the creation of granulomas. It is possible that an infection is the original trigger, but to date no specific infection has been linked to the condition.
Wegener's granulomatosis commonly presents in patients between the ages of 40 and 65, most often of northern European descent. It is rarely seen in children but has been documented in infants as young as 3 months of age.
Symptoms of Wegener's Granulomatosis
Frequent bouts of sinusitis, sometimes accompanied by fever, malaise, and night sweats, are a common symptom of Wegener's granulomatosis. Other symptoms may include:
- Chronic runny nose
- Cough
- Hoarseness
- Joint pain
- Chronic ear infections
- Skin changes
- Conjunctivitis
Since these symptoms may also be the result of a number of other medical problems, they may not lead to a prompt diagnosis. It is the following, more serious, symptoms that typically bring patients in for medical consultation:
- Nosebleeds, inflamed gums
- Night sweats
- Bloody cough, chest pain
- Shortness of breath or wheezing
- Blood in urine
- Severe swelling of the eye
Patients with Wegener's may also suffer a loss of appetite and subsequent weight loss.
Diagnosis of Wegener's Granulomatosis
Diagnosing Wegener's granulomatosis typically involves a battery of tests. These tests may include:
- Blood tests for certain proteins
- Urinalysis to detect protein or blood in the urine
- Chest X-rays
- CT scan of the chest or sinuses
- Bronchoscopy
A definitive diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis depends on the results of a biopsy of affected tissue. The tissue may be removed from the nasal mucosa, air passages or lungs, skin or kidneys. The biopsy is performed to determine whether either vasculitis or granulomas are present.
Treatment of Wegener's Granulomatosis
With early diagnosis and treatment, patients may recover from Wegener's granulomatosis within a few months, though they usually require maintenance therapy for up to 2 years or longer. Careful monitoring is necessary because the disease recurs in approximately half of all patients. Treatments for Wegener's granulomatosis include administration of:
- Corticosteroids, such as prednisone
- Immune suppressants, such as methotrexate
- Biologic medications
Other prescribed drugs may be used to counteract the side effects, such as bone loss or lung infections, of these primary medications. Folic acid or folinic acid (leucovorin) are usually prescribed to combat the depletion of folate associated with methotrexate use.
Complications of Wegener's Granulomatosis Treatments
In severe cases, or cases detected during advanced stages, this disorder may have to be treated with experimental medications, such as intravenous immunoglobulin. If the kidneys have been damaged, a plasma exchange, or even a kidney transplant, may be necessary.